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The Human Use of Human Beings
''The Human Use of Human Beings'' is a book by Norbert Wiener. It was first published in 1950 and revised in 1954.
Wiener was the founding thinker of cybernetics theory and an influential advocate of automation. ''Human Use'' argues for the benefits of automation to society. It analyzes the meaning of productive communication and discusses ways for humans and machines to cooperate, with the potential to amplify human power and release people from the repetitive drudgery of manual labor, in favor of more creative pursuits in knowledge work and the arts. He explores how such changes might harm society through dehumanization or subordination of our species, and offers suggestions on how to avoid such risks.
==What is cybernetics?==
The word ''cybernetics'' refers to the theory of message transmission among people and machines. The book's thesis:
"It is the thesis of this book that society can only be understood through a study of the messages and the communication facilities which belong to it; and that in the future development of these messages and communication facilities, messages between man and machines, between machines and man, and between machine and machine, are destined to play an ever-increasing part." (p. 16)
Communication methods have entered a new realm, involving new technologies. Whether a transmission is between people, or between people and machines, the process is similar in that information is sent by one party and received by another, which can send a response. This is a type of feedback. People, animals, and plants all have the ability to take certain actions in response to their environments. Wiener explains that, in the same way, machines have feedback systems in order for their performances to be altered or evaluated in accordance with results. In the context of human/machine society, he offers a definition of the message as "a sequence of events in time which, though in itself has a certain contingency, strives to hold back nature's tendency toward disorder by adjusting its parts to various purposive ends" (p. 27).
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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